Visit the Alhambra in Granada

INFORMATION TO VISIT THE ALHAMBRA

ALHAMBRA HISTORY

Essential, fascinating, mysterious … for years the most visited monument in Spain and the greatest exponent of Islamic culture in Western civilization.

Discover this jewel of Al-Andalus architecture in a relaxed and detailed way.

Take advantage of your visit to this marvel of architecture to meditate and understand, with the help of a private guide, the magic and symbolism that surrounds each of these Nasrid Palaces.

The Alhambra is, in fact, the only palatial city from the Islamic period that has been preserved to this day

The name of Alhambra comes from the Arabic “al-Qal’a al-hamra” (the red fortress) and its first builder, Muhammad I, was also known as “El Rojo” because of the coloring of his beard.

¡A spectacle to behold and the perfect place for the best photos, we will have time for everything!

ALHAMBRA MAPS


General map of the Alhambra

Visit the Alhambra in Granada
Alhambra map of Granada

Granada city map

Granada city map

Plane Nazaríes palace

Plane Nazaríes palace

HOW TO GET TO THE ALHAMBRA

PRIVATE TRANSPORT

The private cars have their access to the Ronda Sur. Go to the Granada ring road, southward (Motril) has once lined the city, find the address Alhambra (Ronda Sur) to the parking of the monument, where we encourage you to leave your vehicle. The parking fee is 2.35 euros / hour., The lockers are very near.

The parking of the Alhambra has 500 seats and is guarded 24 hours a day.

From Granada airport, take the A-92, ring road of Granada, Ronda exit 132 South and exit 5-A Alhambra.

PUBLIC TRANSPORT

The 30 and 32 Lines of the city bus have the following stops in the Alhambra complex: 1 The Ticket Offices (Entrance Pavilion), 2 Torre de las Cabezas [Tower of the Heads], near the Charles

V Palace and the Nasrid Palaces, and 3, the Puerta de la Justicia [Gate of Justice], the nearest to the Alcazaba.

The bus stop is, specifically, to the back of the monument of Queen Isabella and Christopher Columbus

WALKING

If you enjoy walking, the best option is to walk up from the Plaza Nueva, through the woods, down the street Cuesta de Gomérez or climb the Cuesta de los Chinos street from the Paseo de los Tristes or the neighborhood Realejo to Hotel Alhambra Palace from the Campo del Principe.

All the options represent a rise walk, quite steep, about 1 km.

YOU CAN ACCESS THE COMPLEX OF MONUMENTS:

Directly from the ticket offices (access nearest to the Generalife).

Through the Puerta de los Carros [Gate of the Carts]. The most used, since it is right in the middle, near the Torre de las Cabezas [Tower of the Heads].

Through the Puerta de la Justicia [Gate of Justice].

ALHAMBRA OPENING TIMES

General day visit

From 1st April to 14th October

Monday to Sunday

Visiting hours -8.30 a.m. to 8 p.m

Ticket office – 8 a.m. to 8 p.m

From 15th October to 31st March

Monday to Sunday

Visiting hours – 8.30 a.m. to 6 p.m

Ticket office – 8 a.m. to 6 p.m

Gardens day visit

From 1st April to 14th October

Monday to Sunday

Visiting hours -8.30 a.m. to 8 p.m

Ticket office – 8 a.m. to 8 p.m

From 15th October to 31st March

Monday to Sunday

Visiting hours – 8.30 a.m. to 6 p.m

Ticket office – 8 a.m. to 6 p.m

Nasrid Palaces Night Visit

From 1st April to 14th October

Tuesday to Saturday

Visiting hours -10 p.m. to 11.30 p.m

Ticket office – 9 p.m. to 10.45 p.m

From 15th October to 31st March

Friday and Saturday

Visiting hours – 8 p.m. to 9.30 p.m

Ticket office – 7.00 p.m. to 8.45 p.m

Gardens Night Visit

From 1st April to 31st May

Tuesday to Saturday

Visiting hours -10 p.m. to 11.30 p.m

Ticket office – 9.00 p.m. to 10.45 p.m

From 1st September to 14th October

Tuesday to Saturday

Visiting hours – 10 p.m. to 11.30 p.m

Ticket office – 9.00 p.m. to 10.45 p.m

From 15th October to 14th November

Friday and Saturday

Visiting hours -8 p.m. to 9.30 p.m

Ticket office – 7.00 p.m. to 8.45 p.m

  • Entrance to the Nasrid Palaces is strictly limited to the time slot indicated on the ticket.
  • Admission to this area will finish an hour before closing time.
  • Visitors will be asked to leave the Monument at closing time.
  • The Alhambra is closed on 25th December and 1st January.
  • You may purchase your tickets for the Alhambra on the Internet.

SERVICES IN THE AlHAMBRA

VISITOR INFORMATION

  • Information services are situated in the Entrance Pavilion and the Services Pavilion next to the Wine Gate (Puerta del Vino). Information to be obtained: where the entrances and toilets are situated, timetables and itineraries.
  • Telephone number for visitors: 902 441 221

CAR PARK

  • The Council of the Alhambra and the Generalife has implemented a public car-park to facilitate visit to the Monumental complex. It goes from the roundabout of the cemetery’s entrance to the Entrance Pavilion, where the ticket offices are located

WHEELCHAIRS

  • Wheelchairs are available upon request. Information can be obtained from the Entrance Pavilion or directly from the Security personnel inside the Monument

LEFT LUGGAGE OFFICE

  • All parcels and bags larger than 35 cm (approximately 12 inches) must be deposited at the Left Luggage Office in the Entrance Pavilion.

FIRST AIDS

  • This is a service provided by staff of the Red Cross. It is located in the Hall Services, Wine gate of the Alhambra.

MUSEUMS AT THE PALACE OF CHARLES V

MUSEUM OF THE ALHAMBRA. Charles V Palace

The Museum of the Alhambra is located on the south side of the ground floor of the Palace of Charles V (Palacio de Carlos V). It has seven halls, the first hall houses thematic exhibitions and the other halls are located in chronological order

SUMMER VISIT HOURS

1 APRIL – 14 OCTOBER1

Wednesday to Saturday: 8:30 to 20.00 h

Sunday and Tuesday: 8.30 to 14.30 h

Mondays: closed

WINTER VISIT HOURS

15 OCTOBER – 31 MARCH

Wednesday to Saturday: 8:30 to 18 h

Sunday and Tuesday: 8.30 to 14.30 h

Mondays: closed

SATURDAYS IN THE MUSEUM (MAY TO SEPTEMBER)

8.30 – 21.30 h

Free entrance

FINE ARTS MUSEUM

The Fine Arts Museum occupies the top floor of the Palace. Its funds are Grenadines sculptures and paintings from the fifteenth to the twentieth century.

Schedule

From March 16th to June 15th and September 16th to October 15th

Tuesday – Saturday: 9:00 to 19:30

Sundays and Holidays: 9:00 to 14:30

Mondays: Closed (except holidays)

From October 16th to March 15th

Tuesday – Saturday: 9:00 to 18:00

Sundays and Holidays: 9:00 to 15:30

Mondays: Closed (except holidays)

From June 16th to September 15th

From June 16th to September 15th

Tuesday – Sundays: 9:00 to 15:30

Mondays: Closed (except holidays)

Closed

24th, 25th and 31st December

1st and 6th January

1st May

Entrance Fee

Price: 1,50 €.

Free admission for European Union citizens, students with International Cards, ICOM Members, over 65 year-old, pensioners and people with a disability of at least 33%.

School and group visits: by appointment.

Monasterio de San Jerónimo

¿Lo habéis visitado? ¿Conocéis su historia?

Lo primero y más importante: Es el primer monasterio que se construyó en Granada tras la conquista de la ciudad por los cristianos.

¿La cambiaron de sitio? ¿La Virgen de las Angustias no era la portada original?

Si, la desplazaron de lugar desde Santa Fe a Granada, la primera piedra que colocaron de esa infraestructura fue en 1504 por Diego de Siloé, aunque participaron otros arquitectos y artistas entre los cuales estaban El Mozo, Pedro de Orea y Pablo de Rojas de nuestra escuela granadina.

En la actualidad preside en el monasterio una imagen de la Virgen de las Angustias, pero lo interesante es que no era originalmente esta portada la que había.

Es la primera infraestructura en consagrarse a la Inmaculada Concepción de María.

Estructura del Monasterio de San Jerónimo

Tiene una planta de cruz latina, con un coro más elevado en los pies y un altar tras una amplia escalinata.

La rica decoración renacentista que tiene, con casetones, veneras y grupos escultóricos, otra curiosidad es que el programa de iconografía fue pensado para resaltar las grandezas militares y la heroicidad del Gran Capitán, que se halla enterrado junto a su esposa en el crucero.

¿Restaurada varias veces? ¿Guerras e invasiones?

Tras varias guerras, como la invasión francesa y la expulsión de la Orden Jerónima, llevando casi a la ruina el monasterio el Estado decidió su restauración 1916-1920 y en 1973 se vuelve a erigir la torre de la iglesia, tras su caída por los franceses en la invasión napoleónica.

Ven a visitarlo

En Granada Selected Tours ofrecemos visitas guiadas para conocer, no solo el Monasterio de San Jerónimo, sino parte de Granada y el Monasterio de la Cartuja

Una visita de 2h 30m de duración que incluye guía privada en tu idioma y transporte.

Cómo llegar:

📍​Calle Rector Lopez Argüeta 9, Granada

Autobús de Granada: Línea 25, U2 y U3, la parada `Gran Capitán´.

Si hacéis la visita con nosotros no tendréis que preocuparos por la dirección, os recogeremos directamente en el hotel.

Isabella, the woman who chose to be Queen of Castile

Isabella of Castile, a woman who lived in a man’s world where she managed to reign of her own free will. An intelligent woman who built herself and changed history with her own decisions.

She lived in a time of change between the darkness of the Middle Ages and the enlightenment of the Renaissance. Isabella de Castilla, founded the modern Spain with the conquest of Granada in 1492. A long, difficult but determined road that ended with her death in 1504.

A woman with one foot in the Middle Ages, linked to the Catholic religion and fearing God, installing the inquisition, expelling the Jews and then the Moors.

The other foot was in the Renaissance, opening the vision to the horizon with the discoveries, changing the feudal system into a state, installing a professional army and a police control. A transitional woman, who settled the foundations of today’s Spain.

Isabella, from Princess to Queen

Isabella I of Castile (Madrigal de las Altas Torres, April 22, 1451-Medina del Campo, November 26, 1504) was Queen of Castile from 1474 to 1504, Queen consort of Sicily from 1469 and of Aragon from 1479, due to her marriage with Fernando of Aragon.

Henry IV was called “the impotent one.” In his first nuptials he married Blanca de Navarra with whom he could not have children, that marriage was annulled and married Juana de Portugal in 1455. But the King’s luck had not changed and in this marriage neither did an heir arrive.

However, Juana known as Juana La Beltraneja was born, daughter of the Queen and probably daughter of Beltrán de la Cueva, an influential man in the court of King Henry and supposed lover of Juana de Portugal.

After a civil war, Enrique’s half-brother, Juan, Isabella’s younger brother, was elected king at the age of 11, but good fortune did not accompany him and he died 3 years later, in 1468.

And now, who was going to be the successor? Juana or Isabella. Isabella managed to sign an agreement with her stepbrother; the Treaty of the Guisando Bulls, by which Henry declared Isabella heir, reserving the right to agree on her marriage.

Henry, in fact, tried to marry Isabella with Alfonso V, king of Portugal, the Duke of Guyena, brother of Luis XI of France among others but Isabella did not accept. She had promised herself never to marry someone whom she had not previously chosen. And while Henry continued looking for a husband for Isabella, as agreed, Juan II of Aragon tried to secretly negotiate with Isabella the wedding with his son Fernando.

Isabella and her advisers considered that he was the best candidate as husband but there was a legal impediment. Since they were second cousins, (her parents were cousins) they needed, therefore, a papal bull that would exonerate them of consanguinity.

The Pope, however, did not get to sign this document, fearful of the possible negative consequences that this act could bring him by attracting the enmity of the kingdoms of Castile, Portugal and France.

People around Isabella falsified an alleged bull issued in June 1464 by the previous Pope, Pius II, in favor of Ferdinand, in which he was allowed to marry any princess with whom he was linked by a consanguinity tie of up to a third grade.
Ferdinand crossed Castile in secret, disguised as a merchant’s mule waiter, and thus reached Castile and met Isabella.

Between suspicions and uncertainties, Isabella finally married in secret in 1469 Ferdinand of Aragon, son of King Juan II of Aragon, cousin of Juan II of Castile. But with this marriage, the agreement of the Guisando Bulls was broken and Henry proclaimed his daughter Juana as his successor.

The kingdom fell into anarchy but Isabella and Fernando sought the support of the nobles of Castile and regain the confidence of a Kingdom.

Another unfortunate news came in 1474, the death of Henry. At that moment in which Isabella crowned herself Queen of Castile and thus began the war of succession between Juana and Isabella. In 1479, Isabella and Fernando finally legitimize themselves as Kings of Castile.

Isabel the Catholic, queen of Castile
Isabella the Catholic, anonymous, XVII century

During her reign, together with Fernando, events of great significance for the future of the kingdom occurred, such as the establishment of the Holy Inquisition (1478), the creation of the Holy Brotherhood, the incorporation of the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada, as well as the religious unification of the Hispanic Crown, based on the forced Conversion of the Jews, under pain of death or expulsion (Edict of Granada, 1492) and later on to the Muslims.

It is important to highlight this feature of the personality of Elizabeth I, very visible in her conception of how the government of the recently incorporated Fortunate Islands should be carried out, to understand how the project of Christopher Columbus, which had been rejected by other European kings , found accommodation within Isabella the Catholic to the point of financing the Columbian plan.

Isabella had five children with Fernando who had had other children before her marriage and probably afterwards as well…

She instructed her sons: Isabella, Juan, Juana I of Castile, María and Catalina, that they had obligations for their rank as sons of kings, and they had to sacrifice a lot for that reason. She took them with her during the military campaigns, but she also always watched over their well-being.

At the end of her days, she suffered most of the family misfortunes such as the death of her only son and the abortion of his wife, the death of her first-born and her grandson Miguel who was destined to unify the Kingdoms of the Catholic Kings with that of Portugal.

It was followed by the alleged “madness” of her daughter Juana who openly defied her mother in Medina del Campo or the uncertainty of her daughter Catalina after the death of her English husband. There were several misfortunes that led her to decide to dress in full mourning.

The court was in Medina del Campo, when her serious illness, dropsy, was confirmed, as Pedro Mártir said as a witness. But she finally died of uterine cancer.

Isabella, aware of the outcome, ordered the Masses for her health to be made for her soul, she asked for extreme unction and the Blessed Sacrament. Isabella of Castile, having granted her will on October 12, died shortly before noon on November 26, 1504, in the Royal Palace where she requested …

… My body is to be buried in the monastery of San Francisco, which is in the Alhambra in the city of Granada, in a low grave with no bulk, except for a low slab on the ground, flat, with her letters on it. But I want and command, that if the King chose burial in another church or monastery in any other part or place of these my kingdoms, that my body be transferred there and buried next to him …

Finally, Fernando de Aragon ordered the construction of the Royal Chapel and chose Dominico Fancelli to sculpt the mausoleum of both Kings. Fancelli had previously built the mausoleum for his son Juan in the Royal Monastery of Santo Tomas in Avila and for that reason he met the Kings.

What could have happened if she had married the king of Portugal or if she had let Columbus go and France had discovered America? What if she had not proclaimed herself Queen of Castile? What if in the civil war his niece Juana la Beltraneja had won the throne of Castile? This gives us an idea of ​​the crucial decisions she had to make throughout her life as queen.

Isabella of Castile is called “the Catholic”, a title that was granted to her by Pope Alexander VI through the bull “Si Convenit”, on December 19, 1496. This is why the royal couple is known by the name of Catholic Monarchs, a title that the different kings of Spain used from that moment on.

4 important questions to know the answer to, before visiting the Alhambra in Granada

What?
What Alhambra ticket to buy? When we access the ticket sales portal for the Alhambra at https://tickets.alhambra-patronato.es/en/ we see that there are up to nine options for tickets to the monument and perhaps here we are not clear which one to choose. If what we want is to do a full daytime visit, then the first option is the one that interests us the most. The one that is identified as “Alhambra General”. Its price is 14 Euros per adult to which it will be added a 0.85 Euros fee for management expenses. In addition, this option has special discounts for young people, disabilities equal to or greater than 33%, people over 65 years old (but be careful! Only for citizens within the European Union) and children between 12 and 15 years old. Children between 3 and 11 years old do not pay admission, but they will have to be added when making the reservation because they will need to have a child’s ticket with them. IMPORTANT: If we travel with children from 0 to 2 years old, we will have to go to the Alhambra ticket office beforehand to collect an infant’s ticket and those families with more than 3 children under 12 will have to call 0034 958 889 002 to book their tickets.

Partal Palace in the Alhambra
Partal Palace and Oratory


In addition to following these indications, our advice is that we buy the ticket as far in advance as possible to be able to select the time of access to the Nasrid Palaces that interests us the most. In summer it is highly advisable to visit the monument early in the morning due to the high temperatures and in winter we prefer to start the visit around 3:00 p.m., because there are usually fewer people, the temperature is usually pleasant on sunny days and the light for taking photos is excellent during these hours.
Do not forget to carry your original identity document throughout the visit, which will also serve as access, because the Alhambra has laser readers that identify your document with the one you entered when buying your ticket.

When?
When to visit the Alhambra? Perhaps the best time of the year in our opinion is late spring, around the month of May. As you can see when visiting the monument, the Alhambra is full of vegetation everywhere. Especially in the Generalife gardens we find a great variety of trees, plants and flowers that are replenished depending on the time of year. And obviously for this, spring is undoubtedly the best season. Over the years, a natural landscape ecosystem has been created in the Alhambra with gardens, orchards, farmland and forests. We are talking about more than 150,000 square meters of forest and vegetation, in addition to the famous Generalife orchards that have remained fertile since medieval times. All this biodiversity today forms a fundamental part of the monument, which we obviously visit from a historical and architectural point of view, but also from a landscape point of view.

The best photos can be obtained in this sense, on our walk from the Torre del Agua to the Generalife. We will have a panoramic view of the orchards and gardens with the Alhambra on our left and the Albaicin neighborhood as always so picturesque on our right. An image that allows us to move back in time because what we now contemplate for sure is quite similar to what the Nasrid sultans saw when they walked from their sumptuous palaces of the Alhambra to the recreational gardens of Yannat al-Arif (Generalife) .

Views of the Alhambra from the Generalife
Views of the Alhambra from the “Oleanders Promenade” in the Generalife


It also happens that the month of May is usually an intermediate month between the usual overcrowding of Holy Week and again the crowds with the arrival of summer at the end of June.

Why?
Why visiting the Alhambra? Perhaps we are still undecided and have not yet chosen our destination for our vacation. Is the Alhambra a good option? Well, it is not only a good option, but we consider it an essential monument for all those tourists who visit Spain. The Alhambra is one of the most visited monuments in the world with around 3.5 million people every year and it is the only medieval palatine city of Muslim origin preserved in Europe. The uniqueness of the Alhambra is in its own architecture. While sturdy and cold stone castles were built in medieval Europe, Nasrid architects built their brilliant representation of the Muslim paradise on earth in Granada. His great achievement was undoubtedly turning the Sabika hill, a wasteland, with no water and hardly any vegetation, into a place worthy of the “One Thousand and One Nights” with ponds, fountains, ditches … and therefore full of life. His idea was to bring nature inside the palaces, so the play with light, the reflection of the water, the light columns like palm trunks … make the Alhambra a spectacle in itself. It also happens that its walls are decorated with poems that, when well interpreted, provide us with invaluable information to understand and comprehend the monument. A female poetic voice that guides us and recreates the functions of the different rooms while extolling the beauty of the monument and the power of its sultan.

Court of the Lions in the Alhambra
The Court of the Lions


Around the monument there are countless legends that will fascinate us as they fascinated the romantic travelers of the 19th century, who were captivated by the stories of the gypsies who inhabited their rooms at that time…in an Alhambra that was forgotten until then.
The Alhambra was finally declared a World Heritage Site by Unesco in 1984 and as official guides we recommend your guided tour to really understand everything that the monument offers to the visitor from its history and architecture, to its gardens and legends.

How?
How to visit the Alhambra? The Alhambra comprises about 10 hectares of land and is divided into three parts: The Alcazaba (fortress), the Nasrid Palaces (residence of the sultans) and the Generalife gardens (resting place of the Muslim kings). As it is a monument with a large extension, the visit must be carried out in a leisurely way, with time to understand the function, the decoration and the message transmitted by each of these parts.

The first option is to visit on our own, but perhaps in this way we will not be able to extract all the information that the monument can provide us. The Alhambra hides numerous symbols in its architecture that are incredibly interesting but often go unnoticed by the visitor.

Reading the walls of the Palaces in the Alhambra
Interpreting Arabic calligraphy

There are also guided tours for groups, with a maximum of 30 people for each guide, but we do not consider this to be the best option because it does not allow you to visit the Alhambra in a relaxed way that helps to enjoy the experience with time to take photos, do questions, sit down to admire and enjoy the scenery …

Perhaps the smartest way to visit the Alhambra is to hire a private guide who will dedicate his explanation exclusively to your family. At Granada Selected Tours we have decided to set the maximum for private groups at 6 people because in this way the contact with the guide is much closer and as a result our experience will be much more enriching. We manage the purchase of tickets and advise the perfect day and time to fully enjoy the 3-hour duration of your visit. You can contact us here for any questions to plan your visit in advance or you can make your reservation directly through this link. Finally, it should be noted that, in times of high influx of tourists, if we hire a private visit we will have access to the Nasrid Palaces from a different queue from the rest of the visitors, which will greatly speed up our access and will significantly reduce waiting times.

The fruit of the jewish pomegranate

The pomegranate is a tree that offers a singular and unique fruit the size of a large apple, whose interior is populated with sweet grains.

Its area of origin is established between Kurdistan, Afghanistan, Syria and ancient Persia, there are Latin numbers that express that they are abundant in grains; that’s how the Romans called it a grain apple.

It is a fruit linked to the history of the people who settled in Mesopotamia and the Near East prior to the first millennium BC and who had languages with a common origin.

The legend attributed to the pomegranate the place that the apple occupies in the temptation that Eve induced in Adam and as such it is a fruit of paradise.

In the Rome of the Empire it was a symbol of fertility and wealth and it continued to be considered that way until the Middle Ages when the Andalusians highlighted the culinary qualities of cultivated pomegranates and the medicinal qualities of sour or wild ones.

In Greece it was consecrated to the goddess Aphrodite, while in Syria it was consecrated to the goddess Rimmel.

The Arab historian Ahmad Al Razid wrote that the city today called Granada was known as Garnatat Al Yahud, whose translation means Granada of the Jews.

The pomegranate fruit present in the Jewish New Year.

The truth is that the number of this city is synonymous with a sweet and beautiful fruit, pleasing to the palate and the eye, with a delicate perfume and delicious flavor with a history and a thousand-year-old poetic ritual.

Said fruit maintains a very special and essential meaning for the Jews, to the point of considering it sacred. According to tradition, when you open a pomegranate, whatever its size, the fruit always contains, in all cases, 613 grains. This is the number of precepts that a good Jew must fulfill in order to be an ethical and fair person.

This town also grants the pomegranate the symbolism of abundance, which is why pomegranates should be taken during the celebration of the Jewish New Year in early autumn, when the fruit is ripe and sweet to drink.

Among the various festive celebrations on the Jewish calendar, undoubtedly the most solemn and important is the weekly Shabbat, the Sabbath rest.

During it, no one can work or be worried or sad; It is a day of solace and rejoicing that should be dedicated to study, prayer, and the well-being of body and spirit.

Like all the designated days of the year in the Hebrew year, the festival begins on the eve of the previous day, that is, on Friday, once the first three stars have appeared in the sky and ends on Saturday itself when the same thing happens.

Rosh Ha-shana or New Year is celebrated with a hearty dinner with adaphine, a very popular dish among Sephardic Jews because it is traditionally made in a clay pot on Friday night and eaten on Shabbat, and also an inevitable fruit, the pomegranate, being a vehicle of good omen.

The captive who reigned in the Alhambra

… Spain, at the end of the 15th century, in the last chapters of the long Reconquest, a Christian noblewoman became a slave to the Moorish king of the Alhambra in Granada; She abjured her faith out of love and was accused of destroying the Nasrid Kingdom …

And that woman was Isabel de Solís, converted to Islam under the name Soraya.

The young woman, just over 17 years old, was the daughter of the mayor of Martos in Jaen, Sancho Jiménez de Solis. Isabel had lived a quiet life until then, together with her nurses and caregivers who educated and watched over her since she was orphaned as soon as she was born.

The beautiful Isabel de Solis had been promised in marriage to Pedro Venegas but that marriage could not be carried out because she was captured as a slave by the Nasrid people of Granada and taken to the Alhambra.

It was first sold in the Granada slave market and was bought by Sultana Aixa, the favorite wife of King Muley Hacen and mother of his son Boabdil.

But one day, while the Christian captive was washing shirts, Muley Hacen entered the laundry room and was captivated by her youth and beauty. He fell in love with her and bought her for his wife Aixa. She gave herself so much to the king that Isabel renounced her own Christian faith and converted to Islam. Then she was called Soraya, a name that means “Morning Star”.

… “la Romia” was the name used to describe a Christian woman who converted to Islam …

King Muley Hacen married her, leaving Aixa aside. But life in the Alhambra was not easy for Zoraida. With so many women for one man, the struggles to attract Muley Hacen’s attention were constant.

Little by little and by her influence on the king’s decisions, Zoraida began to play an increasingly important role in the kingdom. Aixa’s misgivings increased when she had two children: Nasr ben Ali and Saad ben Ali, whom she considered possible rivals of her son, the first-born Boabdil, in the succession to the throne.

Muley decided to expel Aixa from the Alhambra, who settled with Boabdil in a house in the Albaicin quarter. This decision triggered conflicts involving Muley Hacen, his brother Abdallah al Zagal and their son Boabdil.

Departure of the Boabdil family from the Alhambra
Departure of the Boabdil family from the Alhambra, Manuel Gomez-Moreno Gonzalez

But between fights and alliances and feeling old and sick, King Muley decides to abdicate the throne in his brother El Zagal, which is why, Boabdil, had rebelled against his father and together with his mother, fueled a civil war.

Given the difficult situation, in 1482 Zoraida went into exile with her husband and children and three years later, Muley Hacen died.

Zoraida, being a widow, made the decision to return to her original culture and asked for baptism, as did her children. The Church accepted that her previous abjuration had been forced by Muley but her future was not easy for her because freed slaves could not always regain their previous life, especially if they were no longer virgins. Honor was very important and the woman had to offer an excellent reputation. If not, another possible option was the convent…

Her children adopted the names of Juan de Granada and Fernando de Granada, but what happened to Isabel is unknown, just as it is not known where or in what year she died.

The social status of women in the Alhambra

The Nasrid Court must have housed a mosaic of women who, from their considerable ethnic, social, physical and cultural differences, filled the many corners and spaces of the Alhambra with diversity and color, from Arab women to imported women as concubines.

The first group in the Nasrid female world was made up of the “legal wives” of the dynasty and was made up exclusively of those women belonging to the royal family itself who were married to emirs of the lineage. These legitimate women were the so-called free women.

Women inside the tower of the Infantas, by Edwin Lord Weeks

The legitimate Nasrid wives were generally paternal cousins ​​of the sovereign in question, since in the Kingdom of Granada the modality of marriage between cousins ​​was practiced with customary frequency.

The first reason that motivated this union was of an economic nature, since the marriage between cousins ​​allowed to maintain the properties within the own family. There are several cases of marriages of emirs with paternal cousins ​​in the Nasrid family environment such as Muhammad I, the founder of the lineage himself.

But an aspect of vital importance in this marriage and especially in the woman to be able to contract marriage, is that of her virginity.

In fact, the Qur’an highlights this quality as desirable, not to say imperative. This chastity was related to her modesty and for that reason, they should always be veiled, hidden from the sight of others except that of her husband and that of her non-prohibited relatives, being considered a symbol of respectability.

“… Tell the believers to look down modestly, to be chaste and show no more adornment than those in sight, to cover their cleavage with the veil and not to display their adornments but to their husbands”

The Harem Dance, by Edouard Richter

But along with the women of Nasrid blood, it is also known that there were slaves and concubines. In fact, the Qur’an alludes to slaves.

Let us not forget the fact that the Arab people consider themselves the son of Hagar, Abraham’s concubine slave, whose son Ishmael, is had by the Arabs father, while Isaac, Abraham’s other son along with his free wife Sarah, it is historically the ancestor of the Hebrew people. Abraham etymologically means “father of many peoples”.

But it should be noted that Hagar was not the true name of this Egyptian concubine, but her nickname. Hagar means the “estranged” due to exile and abandonment by Abraham at the request of his free wife Sarah.

In this culture, educating, freeing and marrying a slave by her master entailed a double heavenly reward and for this, the slave trade flourished in Al-Andalus.

Beautiful, blonde women of European origin could achieve the status of a legitimate woman, but there were also black slave women of African origin highly regarded as good cooks and excellent concubines.

The presence of foreign maids and women, so different in origin, was necessary as a reflection of the economic prosperity of the Nasrid court. Owning slaves of whatever genre was a sign of economic well-being and high position. Luxury increases the strength of a dynasty and women were a fundamental factor in its display, exercising a function that could be described as ornamental among both legitimate women and concubines.

Among the unfree women, there were the slaves turned into concubines – mothers of the Nasrid dynasty and those who, on the contrary, were only used for domestic service or entertainment in the Alhambra.

But the Nasrid sultans confirm the taste for Christian women. And for them, the only way out to freedom was conversion to Islam and motherhood was the means that allowed them, therefore, to climb the social pyramid of the harem and even within the dynasty. As is evident, the great hope of these concubines was not only to have a child, but also to become the mother of the future sultan. And this privilege was actually achieved by some concubines of the Alhambra.

But as was to be expected, free women, that is, legitimate wives, were logically the strongest opponents of concubinage, as they became the greatest victims of such a situation.

Isabel de Solis or Soraya

Along with the concubines of Christian origin, some of whom ended up being sultanas of the Alhambra, there were also other types of slaves in the Nasrid court, employed only for domestic service as cooks, waiters, midwives, doctors and nurses. And it should be noted, among the servants of the Alhambra, there were some women of color.

But it is also worth highlighting another third type of slave alongside concubines and women of color destined for domestic service. These were the singing and dancing slaves dedicated to entertainment and entertainment.

And the slaves of Granada in the Nasrid period excelled in the art of dances with kerchiefs and sabers, decked out with costumes and dressings, and other games, with which they showed their skills. Because they are so versatile, these women were therefore the most expensive.

And among all these concubines, the great favorite par excellence, in the history of the Nasrid dynasty, was Soraya, the second wife of Emir Muley Hacen.

Would you like to know Soraya’s story?

Charles V, king and emperor

Born in Ghent on February 24, 1500 and died in Yuste on September 21, 1558.

A series of dynastic alliances and premature deaths made the grandson of the Catholic Monarchs the most powerful young man in Europe and the new Americas.

He reigned as Carlos I of Spain from the age of sixteen and at the age of twenty, after the death of his paternal grandfather, the Emperor Maximilian I of Habsburg, as emperor of the Holy Roman Germanic Empire and therefore designated as Carlos I of Spain and V of Germany.

But … Was he really an emperor who failed to be King?

In his last days, Carlos had plenty of time to reflect and rethink. In a talk with his sister Maria, he took stock of his years of reign, his achievements and defeats, his strengths and weaknesses, and furthermore, his mind filled with memories as he never forgot his wife, Isabella of Portugal.

“I was the most powerful man but I have found myself unable to fulfill the desire of a tormented woman… The distance between what I set out to do and what I achieved is great and that only has one name… failure. I neither put an end to heresy, nor did I subdue the infidel, nor did I manage to unite Christendom in a universal monarchy”

Many kingdoms succumbed after their kings died, but nothing compared to what happened after the death of Queen Isabella I of Castile.

Since the death of Isabella the Catholic, Ferdinand of Aragon, tried to gain control of the kingdoms, but the francophile policy of Philippe “Le Bel” made them confront them. Ferdinand left Castile and took refuge in Aragon. The sudden death of Philippe and the state of mental derangement of the latter’s wife, Joanna “the Mad”, changed the situation. Nobody ruled in Castile, Philippe dead, Joanna maddened. Then Ferdinand decided to return to Castile to keep the promise that he made to Isabella.

In 1516, after the death of Ferdinand the Catholic, Charles became the legitimate heir to all the states that had belonged to his grandparents.

However, Carlos was six years old, he was a child and Cisneros, regent of Castile, undoubtedly as a political and religious leader, was the key character during the most delicate time of Spain’s transition between the 15th and 16th centuries and his role was decisive for the creation of the Spanish Empire.

Until Carlos was declared of adult age on January 5, 1515, he received a careful education both by his aunt Margaret of Austria and Adriano of Utrech, his most influential teacher, and Guillermo de Croy, lord of Chièvres, as a fundamental piece in his politics.

Throughout his reign, Carlos traveled from one end of his domain to the other and fought on many battlefields, he was an itinerant monarch without having a stable court but he always knew how to surround himself with important artists, thinkers and men of science. And of all the countries he inherited, Spain was the most difficult to consolidate under his rule.

Charles V crowned emperor in Aachen

But why Charles and not his brother Ferdinand I of Austria. The story of two brothers who grew up suspicious of each other.

Paradoxically, whoever was born in Spain reigned in Germany, while the one who had grown up abroad was king of Spain.

Ferdinand, was Charles’s younger brother, was educated in Castile and was viewed with a certain sympathy by the Castilian nobility. After the election of Charles as emperor, Ferdinand became one of his most reliable collaborators but also a possible rival.

Ferdinand I of Habsburg was the exiled brother of Charles, who finally became emperor, and his policy was marked by the fight against the Protestants. However, the two emperors also had four, often-forgotten, sisters:

Leonor, the firstborn. She was handed over to the King of Portugal who was 30 years older than her and had previously been married to two Spanish princesses. She was widowed and married Francisco I, King of France, who was the main enemy of Spain.

Elizabeth, “the loyal one”. She was mistreated by her husband. She went through all kinds of vicissitudes because of an unfaithful husband, as in the case of her sister Leonor.

Maria, governor of the Netherlands. The most outstanding and perhaps the most intelligent of the four Archduchess sisters of Austria. She was the sister closest to the emperor. She ended up becoming an irreplaceable advisor to the most important emperor in Europe at the time.

Catalina, the only Spanish. Together with her brother Ferdinand, she was the only one born on Spanish soil. She was also the longest-lived of them all. She was confined with her mother Joanna in the Palace of Tordesillas. She did not blindly follow fraternal politics and, perhaps because she was queen, she always supported the projects of the Portuguese throne while remaining loyal to her dynasty, the Habsburg.

But the kings never ruled without their queens …

There are not a few women who have had a fundamental role in the history of Spain and who, however, have not been recognized as they should or have simply been fired by the flames of oblivion, as is the case of Elizabeth of Portugal, wife of the King and emperor of the Sacred Roman-German Empire.

She, 23, and Charles, 26 years old, married in the Reales Alcázares of Seville in 1526.

It has always been affirmed that Charles was “more Fifth than First”, more emperor than king; that is, he was much more involved in the affairs of the Empire than in his Castilian-Aragonese subjects.

Elizabeth became governor of Spain in the absence of her husband and many biographers assure that this state of loneliness contributed to her early death.

The princess received a careful humanistic education, learned to read and write, Latin, Spanish, English and French. He did not neglect his artistic training and received a solid musical training. That is why in each childbirth, according to some chroniclers, she always kept her face covered (like Elizabeth the Catholic) to endure her own pains with great composure.

Elizabeth of Portugal died in 1539, when she was only thirty-six years old. There has been much speculation about the causes of his death but, ultimately, part of the historiography agrees that what led to this premature death was nothing but sadness and loneliness in the face of the King’s long absences.

And Charles, did not remarry…

Thirteen years, from 1526 to 1539, Doña Isabel had lived in Spain as Empress and Queen consort.

The sad death was on May 1st at noon, and after the funeral honors, those of a Queen, the procession that was to accompany her mortal remains to Granada was launched by order of the Emperor, to be deposited in the Royal Chapel. But the desolate Emperor did not accompany this procession. Charles V took refuge in the Jeronimo de la Sisla Monastery, where he remained isolated for more than a month

It is here when the end of Carlos begins, the decline of the owner of the world.

Allegory of the abdication of Emperor Charles V in Brussels

Charles and Elizabeth had six children:

  • Phillip II of Spain, Maria of Austria, Ferdinand, Joanna of Austria, John and another John, who was born a year after the previous one died, and who at birth caused the death of his mother due to complications with childbirth.

But Charles V also had an entertaining extramarital life, and as a result the following children were born:

  • Elizabeth of Castile, Margarita of Austria, Joanna of Austria, Tadea of Austria y John of Austria.

It is important to note that each of these bastard sons of the king was the result of his relationship with a different woman. That is, they are all stepbrothers but none of them is the brother of another.

But not even the most powerful of men is immune to disease and death …

In the last stage of his life he ate alone because he was ashamed that his marked prognathism was even accentuated when chewing food. He had severe attacks of gout due to the excessive intake of meat in his diet, he also drank 4 or 5 liters of beer at each meal and was also prostrated on a wooden chair-stretcher until his death, in 1558, due to malaria.

And that is how Charles, King and Emperor, abdicated and went to Spain to never return, choosing the Yuste Monastery to spend the last days of his life.

“The generosity of my mother Joanna of Castile led me to rule at the age of 17, then, while still a boy, I was granted the right to an Empire.

In a short time I was to build Flanders, Naples, Sicily and the lands of overseas. It has perhaps been my life, a string of trips that have not only consumed this body of mine but also frequently ripped me from my most beloved companies, that of my children and my wife, to whom I would have wanted to give all my days.

But not only duty called me, for my torments and my dominions, also wars. Always a forced battle to defend myself from the ambition of others, of whom I believed would be my only enemy, the Turk, and the doom that was for me the King of France.

I also had to combat the outbreak of the heretic in my own empire, a danger that I have not known how to abate as I would have liked … But none of those jobs was more painful or afflicted me as much as the one I now feel when I leave you.

To govern the states that God granted me, I no longer have the strength and the few that I have left will soon be over … being so tired, I can no longer render any service as those who receive my legacy will do …

To my son Philip, to whom I leave Spain, Flanders, the Italian lands and those of the Indies while the Empire will remain in the hands of my brother Ferdinand.

Although there are many enemies, the strength of this family union will manage to defeat them all.

This man who had accumulated unparalleled power for centuries decided to abandon it before his time, affected, like his mother, by bouts of deep depression.

Silence and repose were already the only wishes of a man who had unwittingly suffered the tragedy of dominating the world.

  

Vitor or vitores (cheers)

Cheers on the facade of the Royal Chapel of Granada

• On the facade of the Royal Chapel we can see some curious and ancient graffiti: the student cheers
• It is a tradition that in Spanish universities when a student graduated they celebrated it in a very curious way.
• He painted his name with a mixture of almagra (clay soil), paprika, olive oil, and bull’s blood.
• Where? On the walls of the university itself or adjacent buildings, were the graffiti of the time; the symbol of triumph or victory that was put on was called “vitor” (cheers) and came from the Latin term “VICTOR”
• This was written in the form of an anagram in which the entire word with its letters was composed in a single figure, imaginatively and conveniently arranged.
• As you can see on the façade, the letter “C” for VICTOR is turned upside down at the bottom, in the shape of a “moon”
• Putting someone “On the horns of the moon” meant exalting him, praising him for some achievement and is derived from this type of anagram.

Gran Via of Granada, XIX century

Aspect of the Gran Vía de Colón street in the 19th century

• It is a straight avenue flanked by numerous modernist and art deco style buildings.

• The people of Granada called it the Gran Vía of Sugar, because it was partially financed with the profits from the sugar beet trade that was grown in the Vega de Granada

• Granada had its golden age thanks to beets.

• At the end of the 19th century, coinciding with a serious crisis in hemp and flax and as a consequence of the loss of the American colonies from where sugar was imported, some brilliant people like D. Juan López Rubio, carried out trials to adapt the cultivation of beet and eventually became the creator of the sugar industry in the fertile plain of Granada.

• The Royal Society of Friends of the Country was created, which distributed seeds to 48 towns, giving advances to those who requested it.

• That encouraged farmers, causing a euphoria that led to the planting of the entire Vega and the construction of 13 factories, making Granada the first beet producer in Spain.

• Thus began an era of prosperity in the city of Granada linked to the exploitation of sugar beet, whose most important legacy is this beautiful avenue: the “Gran Vía of Sugar”.

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